Regular lipid profile testing in adulthood: every 2 to 5 years before age 40, and annually from age 40; take antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications regularly as prescribed for hypertension or hyperlipidemia, and do not stop on your own

Antihypertensive drugs and statins from centralized procurement cost from a few yuan to dozens of yuan per month. Taking them once a day does not take much time. The difficulty lies in continuing the medication consistently and not stopping just because you feel fine. Checking lipid profiles requires one blood draw. For those 65 and older, there is a free annual physical examination which includes lipid profiles; see Section 6, item 18 (General Physical Examination Package).

Combining multiple randomized controlled trials: for every 10 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure, the risk of death is approximately 13% lower (RR 0.87). Systolic blood pressure is the high pressure in blood pressure. Major cardiovascular events are approximately 20% lower (RR 0.80). Stroke is approximately 27% lower (RR 0.73). Heart failure is approximately 28% lower (RR 0.72). Taking statins lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). For every 1.0 mmol/L reduction in LDL, the risk of death is approximately 10% lower (RR 0.90). Similarly, this same reduction results in major vascular events being approximately 22% lower (RR 0.78). Additionally, combining multiple follow-up studies, which are observational rather than randomized: for those who adhere to medical advice at a rate of ≥80%, the risk of death is lower than for those who frequently miss doses. For statins, this reduction is approximately 45% (RR 0.55). For antihypertensive drugs, this reduction is approximately 29% (RR 0.71). Regarding how often to check lipid profiles, according to the recommendations of the Healthy China Action: for those under 40 with normal lipid levels, check every 2 to 5 years. For those aged 40 and above, check at least once a year. For those at high risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, check every 6 months. The 2023 version of the China Lipid Management Guidelines uses the same wording for around age 40, but for high-risk individuals, it is changed to check as needed personally.

Ettehad D 等 (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8；Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010). Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5；Chowdhury R 等 (2013). Adherence to cardiovascular therapy: a meta-analysis of prevalence and clinical consequences. European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht295；健康中国行动推进委员会 (2019). 健康中国行动（2019—2030年），（十一）心脑血管疾病防治行动（湖南省卫生健康委员会转载）. https://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/ztzl/knowledge/tzggzcfg/202003/t20200303_11359594.html；Joint Committee on the Chinese Guidelines for Lipid Management (2023). 中国血脂管理指南（2023 年）. 中华心血管病杂志, 51(3), 221-255. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20230119-00038；Li JJ 等 (2023). 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1190934（上一份指南的英文版，中文原文未取得，相关内容按英文版核对）. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

Only those judged by a doctor to need medication should follow this; healthy people do not need to take it. How often to check lipid profiles is an official recommendation; no trial has compared which interval is best. If someone in the family has familial hypercholesterolemia (a genetic disease with particularly high cholesterol), their first- and second-degree relatives should also check their lipid profiles. If a parent's total cholesterol is ≥6.2 mmol/L, the children should also check. If there are first- or second-degree relatives who had myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death before age 55 for males or age 65 for females, the children should also check. The figures for the 'adherence to medication' group come from follow-up records, and people who can adhere to medication are inherently more self-disciplined, so the benefits may be overstated. The figures from the previous two groups of randomized trials are more reliable. This section does not separately list controlling blood glucose: the evidence for the benefit of lowering blood glucose further on total mortality is not as consistent as it is for blood pressure and lipids. For those with hypertension or diabetes, check the kidneys annually; see Section 16, article 13 (Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio).