Once COPD is diagnosed, have the doctor or pharmacist watch you use the inhaler at a follow-up visit; if you were admitted for an acute exacerbation, do pulmonary rehabilitation after discharge

Having the inhaler technique watched costs nothing extra. Bring the medicine to the follow-up, use it once in front of the clinician, and it takes a few minutes. Pulmonary rehabilitation is supervised exercise training plus teaching on drugs and self-management. It means going several times on a schedule, and the fee differs by place. The hard part is still going to train after discharge, when the body is weak.

A national sample survey in China gave lung-function tests to 50991 adults aged 20 and over. The share with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) was 8.6% (95% CI 7.5–9.9, confidence interval), about 99900000 people. At 40 and over it was 13.7%. Among people with COPD, only 12.0% had ever had a lung-function test. An analysis pooled 144 studies in which a trained person watched 54354 patients use an inhaler. Fully correct technique was 31%, barely acceptable 41%, and poor 31%. Compared with the prior 20 years, the later 20 years showed no improvement. With a press-and-breathe spray, failure to match the press with the breath was 45%. Not inhaling fast enough or deep enough was 44%, and not holding the breath afterward was 46%. A French survey only recorded, with no assignment to groups: doctors watched 2935 COPD patients use an inhaler. More than half the maneuvers had an error. Critical errors that keep the drug from being inhaled ran from 15.4% to 46.9% across devices. Admission or an emergency visit for an exacerbation in the past 3 months was 3.3% among patients with no error and 6.9% among those with a critical error (odds ratio OR 1.86, 1.14–3.04). The summary of the GOLD 2023 report states that doctors and patients must be taught to use inhaler devices correctly, and that technique should be checked regularly at follow-up. It also recommends that people with COPD receive influenza, pneumococcal, and similar vaccines as local rules require. A 2016 Cochrane review pooled 20 randomized trials and 1477 people. It compared pulmonary rehabilitation after a COPD exacerbation with usual care and no rehabilitation. 8 studies and 810 people looked at readmission. Readmission was less common with rehabilitation (odds ratio OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21–0.91); evidence quality was moderate. But the studies differed a great deal. 6 studies and 670 people looked at death, odds ratio OR 0.68 (0.28–1.67); the difference may be chance, and evidence quality was low. The quality-of-life improvement exceeded the threshold patients can perceive; evidence quality was high. The 6-minute walk was on average 62 meters longer (38–86 meters); evidence quality was high

Wang C, Xu J, Yang L, et al.; China Pulmonary Health Study Group (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study): a national cross-sectional study. Lancet, 391(10131), 1706-1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30841-9；Sanchis J, Gich I, Pedersen S; ADMIT (2016). Systematic Review of Errors in Inhaler Use: Has Patient Technique Improved Over Time? Chest, 150(2), 394-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.041；Molimard M, Raherison C, Lignot S, et al. (2017). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation and inhaler device handling: real-life assessment of 2935 patients. European Respiratory Journal, 49(2), 1601794. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01794-2016；Agustí A, Celli BR, Criner GJ, et al. (2023). Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary. European Respiratory Journal, 61(4), 2300239. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00239-2023；Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Cates CJ, Troosters T (2016). Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD005305. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4；Greening NJ, Williams JE, Hussain SF, et al. (2014). An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 349, g4315. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4315（反方）

Disputed: when to start pulmonary rehabilitation is not agreed. A British randomized trial started training within 48 hours of admission; readmission a year later was not lower (hazard ratio HR 1.1). Deaths were instead higher (odds ratio OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.05–2.88). The summary of the GOLD 2023 report says that starting within the first 4 weeks after discharge has an unclear effect. So do it after discharge, once the illness has settled, on the doctor's schedule; do not add extra training on your own during the acute stay. That Cochrane review also states that studies added later showed smaller effects than the earlier ones. Both inhaler studies only recorded, with no assignment to groups; no trial has directly shown that "watching once at follow-up" reduces admissions. The exact technique differs by device; follow the instructions and the doctor's demonstration. Influenza vaccine: see section 1, item 20 (influenza vaccine). Pneumococcal vaccine: see section 1, item 22 (pneumococcal vaccine). If you still smoke, quit first; see section 2, item 3 (do not rely on willpower alone to quit; get the medicine first). The person who benefits is mainly you.